2011年,北京大學教授蔣爭凡課題組通過cDNA表達文庫的功能性篩選,發現了通過STING-TBK1可以激活原本在適應性免疫中發揮重要功能的轉錄因子STAT6(signal transducer and activator of transcription 6),揭示其在抗病毒天然免疫通路中也有重要作用。其研究從分子、細胞到動物整體多個層次揭示了轉錄因子STAT6在機體天然免疫和適應性免疫中發揮雙重作用的分子機制,研究結果將為STING介導的宿主天然免疫反應提供新的補充,為人類對病毒感染導致的自身免疫性疾病、多器官慢性炎癥的診治和抗御病原微生物感染的分子機制研究提供新思路。
研究人員通過結構比對發現,結合核酸以后,STAT6二聚體發生一個明顯的旋轉型的構象變化,同時發現結合N4位點DNA和N3位點DNA后STAT6關鍵氨基酸H415在DNA雙螺旋軸方向的位置變化距離與DNA雙螺旋中相鄰2個堿基之間的垂直距離(approximately 3.4 ? rise/bp along the axis of a B-DNA double helix)相符。這部分工作是在STAT蛋白家族中首次針對同一STAT蛋白觀察到結合DNA前后的構象變化。分子動力學模擬以及小角散射實驗的結果都證明了STAT6的構象在DNA結合后處于更穩定的狀態。通過與其它已報道STAT蛋白結構比較發現,STAT6磷酸化二聚體中“V”形的夾角比其它STAT蛋白要大一些,導致二聚體結構中的兩個分子之間的動態變化范圍更廣。
STAT6 participates in classical IL-4/IL-13 signaling and stimulator of interferon genes-mediated antiviral innate immune responses. Aberrations in STAT6-mediated signaling are linked to development of asthma and diseases of the immune system. In addition, STAT6 remains constitutively active in multiple types of cancer. Therefore, targeting STAT6 is an attractive proposition for treating related diseases. Although a lot is known about the role of STAT6 in transcriptional regulation, molecular details on how STAT6 recognizes and binds specific segments of DNA to exert its function are not clearly understood. Here, we report the crystal structures of a homodimer of phosphorylated STAT6 core fragment (STAT6CF) alone and bound with the N3 and N4 DNA binding site. Analysis of the structures reveals that STAT6 undergoes a dramatic conformational change on DNA binding, which was further validated by performing molecular dynamics simulation studies and small angle X-ray scattering analysis. Our data show that a larger angle at the intersection where the two protomers of STAT meet and the presence of a unique residue, H415, in the DNA-binding domain play important roles in discrimination of the N4 site DNA from the N3 site by STAT6. H415N mutation of STAT6CF decreased affinity of the protein for the N4 site DNA, but increased its affinity for N3 site DNA, both in vitro and in vivo. Results of our structure–function studies on STAT6 shed light on mechanism of DNA recognition by STATs in general and explain the reasons underlying STAT6’s preference for N4 site DNA over N3.