CalciumSignalingbyHBxofHepatitisBvirus
Hepatitis B is a small DNA virus that contains only 4 open reading frames in its genome. Three of these ORFs have been identified as the envelope, capsid and polymerase genes, while the function of the fourth has remained unknown until recently. The fourth reading frame has been called the X gene and produces HBx protein that is essential for viral replication in liver cells and acts broadly to activate a variety of ......閱讀全文
Ceramide－Signaling－Pathway
Over 1,000 papers and reviews have been written about the role of ceramide in the production of programmed cell death or apoptosis. Ceramide is a sphi
AKT－Signaling－Pathway
Many cell-surface receptors induce production of second messengers like PIP3, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, that convey signals to the cyt
Integrin－Signaling－Pathway
Integrins are cell surface receptors that interact with the extracellular matrix and mediate intracellular signals in response to the extracellular ma
EGF－Signaling－Pathway
The epidermal growth factor (EGF) peptide induces cellular proliferation through the EGF receptor, which has a tyrosine kinase cytoplasmic domain, a s
ATM－Signaling－Pathway
The ataxia telangiectasia-mutated gene (ATM) encodes a protein kinase that acts as a tumor suppressor. ATM activation by ionizing radiation damage to
EPO－Signaling－Pathway
Erythropoietin functions to increase the number of red blood cells. Thus, it has found utility as a drug for those needing to replenish erythrocytes f
mTOR－Signaling－Pathway
mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) appears to play a central role in signaling caused by nutrients and mitogens such as growth factors to regulate t
Reelin－Signaling－Pathway
Reelin is an extracellular protein secreted by neurons. Reeler mice with a defective Reelin gene exhibit neuronal abnormalities in development. Mice t
Ras－Signaling－Pathway
Ras activates many signaling cascades. Here we illustrate some of the well-characterized cascades in a generic compilation of effector molecules. The
Insulin－Signaling－Pathway
The appropriate signaling through the insulin pathway is critical for the regulation of glucose levels and the avoidance of diabetes. Insulin forms a
MAPKinase－Signaling－Pathway
The ever evolving mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) pathways consist of four major groupings and numerous related proteins which constitut
PDGF－Signaling－Pathway
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) plays a critical role in cellular proliferation and development. The biologically active form is a dimer formed
SingleVirus－Tracking－in－Live－Cells
Single-Virus Tracking in Live CellsMichael J. Rust, Melike Lakadamyali, Boerries Brandenburg and Xiaowei Zhuang?INTRODUCTIONReal-time, live-cell imagi
DEPDC5基因編碼功能及結構描述
該基因編碼參與G蛋白信號通路的IML1蛋白家族成員雷帕霉素復合物1（mtorc1）途徑的機制靶點通過感知營養物質的有效性來調節細胞生長。該基因編碼的蛋白質是GATOR1（Rags的GAP活性）復合物的一個組成部分，它抑制mTORC1通路的氨基酸敏感分支該基因突變與常染色體顯性遺傳家族性變灶性局灶性癲
DEPDC5基因突變與藥物因子介紹
該基因編碼參與G蛋白信號通路的IML1蛋白家族成員雷帕霉素復合物1（mtorc1）途徑的機制靶點通過感知營養物質的有效性來調節細胞生長。該基因編碼的蛋白質是GATOR1（Rags的GAP活性）復合物的一個組成部分，它抑制mTORC1通路的氨基酸敏感分支該基因突變與常染色體顯性遺傳家族性變灶性局灶性癲
生物物理所發現丙型肝炎病毒逃逸免疫反應的新機制
丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus, HCV)是引起丙型肝炎傳染性疾病的病原體，嚴重危害人類健康。天然免疫反應是機體抵抗病毒感染的第一道防線。HCV感染宿主細胞后，可被天然免疫系統識別，激活干擾素信號通路，進一步誘導下游一系列干擾素刺激基因的表達而發揮直接抗病毒功能。但同時HCV又
Control－of－skeletal－myogenesis－by－HDAC－calcium/calmodulindependent－kinase
The differentiation of muscle cells is transcriptionally regulated, in part by the myocyte enhancer factor-2, MEF2. During myogenesis MEF2 binds to My
Repression－of－Pain－Sensation－by－the－Transcriptional－Regulator－DREAM
The molecular events that lead to the perception of pain are a key research field in medicine and drug discovery. The opioid receptors modulate pain s
Pertussis－toxininsensitive－CCR5－Signaling－in－Macrophage
The chemokine receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in macrophages are activated by their peptide ligands and also by the HIV envelope protein GP120 during HIV inf
Nested－RTPCR－for－Hepatitis－C－from－Paraffin－Sections
RNA Extraction from Histologic SectionsUnstained 4 μm thick sections of formalin fixed paraffin embedded liver biopsies were transferred from glass sl
IFN－alpha－signaling－pathway
Interferon alpha plays a role in viral infections. Signaling takes place through an IFN Recpetor complex consisting of two alpha chains (Type I recept
TNF/Stress－Related－Signaling
TNF acts on several different signaling pathways through two cell surface receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2 (See TNFR1 and TNFR2 Signaling Pathways) to regul
Trka－Receptor－Signaling－Pathway
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a neurotrophic factor that stimulates neuronal survival and growth through TrkA, a member of the trk family of tyrosine k
Role－of－Mitochondria－in－Apoptotic－Signaling
Mitochondria participate in apoptotic signaling pathways through the release of mitochondrial proteins into the cytoplasm. Cytochrome c, a key protein
IL－5－Signaling－Pathway
IL-5 is an inflammatory signaling molecule that primarily stimulates eosinophil proliferation, maturation and activation. Eosinophils are leukocytes i
IFN－gamma－signaling－pathway
Interferon gamma is secreted from CD4+ Th1 cells, CD8 cells, gamma/delta T cells and activated NK cells. It plays a role in activating lymphocytes to
TGF－beta－signaling－pathway
TGF-beta regulates growth and proliferation of cells, blocking growth of many cell types. The TGF-beta receptor includes type 1 and type 2 subunits th
IL－4－signaling－pathway
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) is a cytokine that can lead to development of Th2 cells. The 140 kD IL-4 Receptor (CD124) is found on many cell types, even those
Growth－Hormone－Signaling－Pathway
Growth hormone plays a major role in regulating growth during childhood and adolescence and also regulates metabolism. Defects in growth hormone signa
Proteolysis－and－Signaling－Pathway－of－Notch
Notch is a large cell-surface receptor that is activated by contact with membrane-bound ligands on neighboring cells. The ligands that activate Notch