Cell, Volume 137,1 May 2009 doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.046
HIV Enters Cells via Endocytosis and Dynamin-Dependent Fusion with Endosomes
Kosuke Miyauchi1,2,Yuri Kim1,2,Olga Latinovic1,Vladimir Morozov1andGregory B. Melikyan1,,
1
Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and
Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 725 W. Lombard
Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA 2 These authors contributed equally to this work
Summary
Enveloped
viruses that rely on a low pH-dependent step for entry initiate
infection by fusing with acidic endosomes, whereas the entry sites for
pH-independent viruses, such as HIV-1, have not been defined. These
viruses have long been assumed to fuse directly with the plasma
membrane. Here we used population-based measurements of the viral
content delivery into the cytosol and time-resolved imaging of single
viruses to demonstrate that complete HIV-1 fusion occurred in endosomes.
In contrast, viral fusion with the plasma membrane did not progress
beyond the lipid mixing step. HIV-1 underwent receptor-mediated
internalization long before endosomal fusion, thus minimizing the
surface exposure of conserved viral epitopes during fusion and reducing
the efficacy of inhibitors targeting these epitopes. We also show that,
strikingly, endosomal fusion is sensitive to a dynamin inhibitor,
dynasore. These findings imply that HIV-1 infects cells via endocytosis
and envelope glycoprotein- and dynamin-dependent fusion with
intracellular compartments.